The Georgian envoy in Saint Petersburg reacted with a note of protest that was presented to the Russian vice-chancellor Prince Kurakin. There are two main climatic zones, roughly corresponding to the eastern and western parts of the country. [48][49], David suppressed dissent of feudal lords and centralized the power in his hands to effectively deal with foreign threats. A University of Georgia football player and team staff member were killed in a car crash early Sunday morning after the team's national championship victory celebration. [31][32] The classical period saw the rise of a number of early Georgian states, the principal of which were Colchis in the west and Iberia in the east. Before sharing sensitive or personal information, make sure youre on an official state website. [224] Historically, the western portion of Georgia was known as Colchis while the eastern plateau was called Iberia.[225]. Georgia puts it all within reach, and there is no one Georgia experience. Georgian wine making is a very old tradition and a key branch of the country's economy. [168] Since 2014, GeorgiaNATO relations are guided by the Substantial NATOGeorgia Package (SNGP), which includes the NATOGeorgia Joint Training and Evaluation Centre and facilitation of multi-national and regional military drills. [43] The successful defence against the Arabs, and new territorial gains, gave the Abkhazian princes enough power to claim more autonomy from the Byzantine Empire. [62], On 22 December 1800, Tsar Paul I of Russia, at the alleged request of the Georgian King George XII, signed the proclamation on the incorporation of Georgia (Kartli-Kakheti) within the Russian Empire, which was finalized by a decree on 8 January 1801,[63][64] and confirmed by Tsar Alexander I on 12 September 1801. [132] Georgian Dream was founded, led and financed by tycoon Bidzina Ivanishvili, the country's richest man who was subsequently elected by parliament as new Prime Minister. The United States established diplomatic relations with Georgia in 1992 following Georgias 1991 independence from the Soviet Union. and Romans (Titus Livius, Tacitus, etc.) [266] Other tourist attractions are Cave City, Ananuri Castle/Church, Sighnaghi and Mount Kazbek. Edn 10. [333], The Georgian language, and the Classical Georgian literature of the poet Shota Rustaveli, were revived in the 19th century after a long period of turmoil, laying the foundations of the romantics and novelists of the modern era such as Grigol Orbeliani, Nikoloz Baratashvili, Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli, and Vazha-Pshavela. [224] The main roads through the mountain range into Russian territory lead through the Roki Tunnel between Shida Kartli and North Ossetia and the Darial Gorge (in the Georgian region of Khevi). [221], Georgia is a mountainous country situated almost entirely in the South Caucasus, while some slivers of the country are situated north of the Caucasus Watershed in the North Caucasus. [145] This led to a new political crisis that was (temporarily) resolved with an EU brokered agreement,[146] from which the Georgian Dream later withdrew. The new government's efforts to reassert Georgian authority in the southwestern autonomous republic of Adjara led to a major crisis in 2004. For much of the 20th century, Georgia's economy was within the Soviet model of command economy. [133] Due to the incomplete transition to parliamentary democracy, a year of uneasy cohabitation between rivals Ivanishvili and Saakashvili followed until the October 2013 presidential elections. Following the bloodless Rose Revolution in 2003, Georgia strongly pursued a pro-Western foreign policy; it introduced a series of democratic and economic reforms aimed at integration into the European Union and NATO. See what steps you need to take. [27] In fact, early metallurgy started in Georgia during the 6th millennium BC, associated with the Shulaveri-Shomu culture. The Likhi Range divides the country into eastern and western halves. [225], Because of its high landscape diversity and low latitude, Georgia is home to about 5,601 species of animals, including 648 species of vertebrates (more than 1% of the species found worldwide) and many of these species are endemics. [326], Georgian culture evolved over thousands of years from its foundations in the Iberian and Colchian civilizations. Georgian polyphony is based on three vocal parts, a unique tuning system based on perfect fifths, and a harmonic structure rich in parallel fifths and dissonances. Other examples of Georgian ecclesiastic architecture can be found outside Georgia: Bachkovo Monastery in Bulgaria (built in 1083 by the Georgian military commander Grigorii Bakuriani), Iviron monastery in Greece (built by Georgians in the 10th century), and the Monastery of the Cross in Jerusalem (built by Georgians in the 9th century). [288] The population of Georgia, including the breakaway regions, has declined by more than 1 million due to net emigration in the period 19902010. [181], During later periods of the Iraq War Georgia had up to 2,000 soldiers serving in the Multi-National Force. Officially autonomous within Georgia,[215] the de facto independent region of Abkhazia declared independence in 1999. [210] In response to lawsuits from civil society organizations, in 2018 the Constitutional Court of Georgia ruled that "consumption of marijuana is an action protected by the right to free personality"[211] and that "[Marijuana] can only harm the user's health, making that user him/herself responsible for the outcome. [174] In June 2014, the EU and Georgia signed an Association Agreement, which entered into force on 1 July 2016. Saakashvili believed in 2008 that the country is "on the road to becoming a European democracy. Companies in Georgia don't just grow, they change the landscape. Brian Kemp is done being underestimated. [198] Since 2012 stagnation in corruption fighting efforts can be observed, according to Transparency International. One of the most famous late 19th/early 20th century Georgian artists was primitivist painter Niko Pirosmani. The Georgian railways represent an important transport artery for the Caucasus, as they make up the largest proportion of a route linking the Black and Caspian Seas. Georgia is the 24th-largest state in area and 8th most populous of the 50 United States. Georgia is also subdivided into 76 municipalities 12 self-governing cities (including the city of Tbilisi) and 64 communities. Peter Lang. Ca. [178], Georgia's military is organized into land and air forces. Companies in Georgia don't just grow, they change the landscape. [225], The landscape within the nation's boundaries is quite varied. From 1,5001,800 metres (4,9215,906ft), the forest becomes largely coniferous. Georgia puts it all within reach, and there is no one Georgia experience. Locate Northern Tool + Equipment retail stores in Georgia with helpful information including store address, open hours, driving directions + more so you can find the portable generators, pressure washers, air compressors and power tools that will help you complete any do-it-yourself project. [256], Georgia's telecommunications infrastructure is ranked the last among its bordering neighbours in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI) an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. The Cabinet is composed of ministers, headed by the Prime Minister, and appointed by the Parliament. [327] Georgian culture enjoyed a renaissance and golden age of classical literature, arts, philosophy, architecture and science in the 11th century. Out of the deciduous species of trees, beech, oak, and hornbeam dominate. It was a British colony, so the government of England sent soldiers to protect it from other countries. The last Imeretian king and the last Georgian Bagrationi ruler, Solomon II, died in exile in 1815, after attempts to rally people against Russia and to enlist foreign support against the latter, had been in vain. Margvelashvili succeeded president Mikheil Saakashvili, who had served the maximum of two terms since coming to power after the bloodless 2003 "Rose Revolution". [148] Garibashvili, who had an earlier term as prime minister in 201315, is known as a political hardliner. [207] Georgian opposition leader Nino Burjanadze said the accusations of planning a coup were baseless, and that the protesters' actions were legitimate. [337], Television, magazines, and newspapers in Georgia are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on advertising, subscription, and other sales-related revenues. The medieval Georgian Chronicles present an eponymous ancestor of the Kartvelians, Kartlos, a great-grandson of Japheth. [353], Basketball was always one of the notable sports in Georgia, and Georgia had a few very famous Soviet Union national team members, such as Otar Korkia, Mikheil Korkia, Zurab Sakandelidze and Levan Moseshvili. According to the 1926 census there were 27,728 Jews in Georgia. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union on an immediate course towards Caucasian oil fields and munitions factories. Brian Kemp is done being underestimated. As with all other post-Soviet states, Georgia faced a severe economic collapse. Russia received by far the most migrants from Georgia. In 2010, Transparency International (TI) named Georgia "the best corruption-buster in the world. The Action Plan was formally approved at the EUGeorgia Cooperation Council session on 14 November 2006, in Brussels. The native name is Sakartvelo (; 'land of Kartvelians'), derived from the core central Georgian region of Kartli, recorded from the 9th century, and in extended usage referring to the entire medieval Kingdom of Georgia by the 13th century. [citation needed], "Republic of Georgia" redirects here. [307][308] The Church gained autocephaly during the early Middle Ages; it was abolished during the Russian domination of the country, restored in 1917 and fully recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1989. [34], After the Roman Republic completed its brief conquest of what is now Georgia in 66 BC, the area became a primary objective of what would eventually turn out to be over 700 years of protracted Irano-Roman geo-political rivalry and warfare. The posted speed limit in the area is 40 mph, but police did not say how fast the SUV may have been going when it crashed at 2:45 a.m. Sunday. The Georgia Department of Driver Services serves the public by offering commercial and regular passenger vehicle drivers licenses, driver's permits, and state identification cards. After his death, local rulers fought for their independence from central Georgian rule, until the total disintegration of the Kingdom in the 15th century. Start Your Business Motor Vehicles Titles & Registration MV-1 Title/Tag Application [82] Supported by Russia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia achieved de facto independence from Georgia, with Georgia retaining control only in small areas of the disputed territories. Georgia is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina; to the northeast by South Carolina; to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean; to the south by Florida; and to the west by Alabama. [317] The school system is divided into elementary (six years; ages 612), basic (three years; ages 1215), and secondary (three years; ages 1518), or alternatively vocational studies (two years). For the U.S. state, see. ATLANTA (AP) Georgia Gov. Despite the Soviet takeover, Zhordania was recognized as the legitimate head of the Georgian Government by France, UK, Belgium, and Poland through the 1930s. Georgia is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina; to the northeast by South Carolina; to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean; to the south by Florida; and to the west by Alabama. In Abkhazia, a minority of the Abkhaz population is also Sunni Muslim, alongside the faithful of the revived Abkhaz pagan faith. The spider checklist of Georgia, for example, includes 501 species. Companies in Georgia don't just grow, they change the landscape. Georgia is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States. [199] Since 2016 the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index hovers around 56 out of 100 points. They are collectively known as the Georgian Defense Forces (GDF). [218] This was used as a justification for Russian invasion of Georgia during the 2008 South Ossetia war after which Russia recognized the region's independence. He also conducts the highly philosophical toasts, and makes sure that everyone is enjoying themselves. Other popular sports in 19th century Georgia were polo, and Lelo, a traditional Georgian game very similar to rugby. [184][185] Over 11,000 Georgian soldiers have been rotated through Afghanistan. The biggest part, 72% of the military budget is allocated for maintaining defence forces readiness and potency development. Gold, silver, copper and iron have been mined in the Caucasus Mountains. Lake Paliastomi area). On 9 April 1991, shortly before the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Supreme Council of Georgia declared independence after a referendum held on 31 March. The colony an now state was named after King George II. The country plans to host 11 million visitors by 2025 with annual revenues reaching US$6.6 billion. [76] Georgia would remain an unindustrialized periphery of the USSR until the first five-year plan when it became a major centre for textile goods. [180] STC Delta now produces a variety of military equipment, including armoured vehicles, artillery systems, aviation systems, personal protection equipment, and small arms. The extinction of the Iberian royal dynasties, such as Guaramids and the Chosroids,[42] and also the Abbasid preoccupation with their own civil wars and conflict with the Byzantine Empire, led to the Bagrationi family's growth in prominence. A University of Georgia football player and team staff member were killed in a car crash early Sunday morning after the team's national championship victory celebration. Other deciduous species include several varieties of maple, aspen, ash, and hazelnut. Between 6001,000 metres (1,9693,281ft) above sea level, the deciduous forest becomes mixed with both broad-leaf and coniferous species making up the plant life. [248] As a result, budget revenues have increased fourfold and a once large budget deficit has turned into a surplus. It was not until around 2010 that parts of the system became reliable again. Sport is regaining its popularity in the country in recent years. [citation needed] The general landscape of eastern Georgia comprises numerous valleys and gorges that are separated by mountains. For most of the subsequent decade, post-Soviet Georgia suffered from economic crisis, political instability, ethnic conflict, and secessionist wars in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. [28][29] Archaeological finds and references in ancient sources also reveal elements of early political and state formations characterized by advanced metallurgy and goldsmith techniques that date back to the 7th century BC and beyond. It was one of the first countries in the world to legalize cannabis, becoming the only former-socialist state to do so. This period also brought social and economic change to Georgia, with new social classes emerging: the emancipation of the serfs freed many peasants but did little to alleviate their poverty; the growth of capitalism created an urban working class in Georgia. Those who disagreed were temporarily arrested. The responsibility for such actions does not cause dangerous consequences for the public. George V was the last great king of the unified Georgian state. Moscow's campaign to 'coerce Georgia to peace', "The Conflict Between Russia and Georgia", "Saakashvili Appeals for Peace in Televised Address", "The Goals Behind Moscow's Proxy Offensive in South Ossetia", "A Two-Sided Descent into Full-Scale War", "The Russian-Georgian War was Preplanned in Moscow", "Georgia Offers Fresh Evidence on War's Start", "Russian Federation: Legal Aspects of War in Georgia", "Abkhaz separatists strike disputed Georgia gorge", "I got my children out minutes before the bombs fell", "Russia opens new front, drives deeper into Georgia", "Amnesty International Satellite Images Reveal Damage to South Ossetian Villages After", "Rights Groups Say South Ossetian Militias Burning Georgian Villages", "Statement by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev", "Russia hands over control of Georgian buffer zones to EU", "Resolution of the Parliament of Georgia on the Occupation of the Georgian Territories by the Russian Federation", "Abkhazia, S.Ossetia Formally Declared Occupied Territory", "Russian exiles get a chilly reception in Georgia VoxEurop", Georgia elects Salome Zurabishvili as first woman president, "Georgia opens new parliament in Kutaisi, far from the capital", "With loss of parliament, Georgia's second city prepares for a downgrade", "Freedom in the World 2021 Country profile Georgia", "Saakashvili Concedes Defeat in Parliamentary Election", "Georgian tycoon Ivanishvili confirmed as prime minister", "Georgia: Conflict Rather than Cohabitation", "Georgia's Historic Transition Faces Crucial Tests In 2013", "Georgia PM ally Giorgi Margvelashvili 'wins presidency', "Irakli Garibashvili Named as Georgia's Next Prime Minister", "Did Georgia's 'Informal Leader' Pressure Prime Minister To Resign? By 1994 the gross domestic product had shrunk to a quarter of that of 1989.[239]. De facto separate since Georgian independence, offers were made to give South Ossetia autonomy again, but in 2006 an unrecognized referendum in the area resulted in a vote for independence. Other notable basketball players are two times Euroleague champion Giorgi Shermadini and Euroleague players Manuchar Markoishvili and Viktor Sanikidze. Georgia national basketball team qualified to EuroBasket during the last three tournaments since 2011. CABI, 2008. Prominent features of the area include the Javakheti Volcanic Plateau, lakes, including Tabatskuri and Paravani, as well as mineral water and hot springs. Boeder; et al. History of Modern Georgia, David Marshal Lang, p 18. [100] However, escalating assaults against Georgian villages (located in the South Ossetian conflict zone) were soon matched with gunfire from Georgian troops,[101][102] who then proceeded to move in the direction of the capital of the self-proclaimed Republic of South Ossetia (Tskhinvali) on the night of 8 August, reaching its centre in the morning of 8 August. Members of parliament are elected for four-year terms. Georgia's guards were penetrating Kentucky's defense with ease, and the Bulldogs led for the entire half. [334], Georgian architecture has been influenced by many civilizations. Notice of Intent to Amend Rule 480-10-.01. The posted speed limit in the area is 40 mph, but police did not say how fast the SUV may have been going when it crashed at 2:45 a.m. Sunday. It is the chief cultural, educational, industrial and economic center of Georgia. [190] The US State Department's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law-Enforcement Affairs has provided assistance to the training efforts and continues to act in an advisory capacity. The political struggle for control over the public broadcaster have left it without a direction in 2014 too. The opposition made accusations of fraud, which the Georgian Dream denied. [172] The street leading to Tbilisi International Airport has since been dubbed George W. Bush Avenue. Neighboring large empires subsequently exploited the internal division of the weakened country, and beginning in the 16th century up to the late 18th century, Safavid Iran (and successive Iranian Afsharid and Qajar dynasties) and Ottoman Turkey subjugated the eastern and western regions of Georgia, respectively. Macroeconomic Environment", "Services, value added (% of GDP) Georgia", "Georgia Poll Reflects Widespread Concern over Economic Issues", "Georgian National Tourism Administration Researches", "Russian Flight Ban Could Cost Georgia $300M, Experts Say", "Baku-Tbilisi-Kars Railway Line Officially Launched", "Kutaisi's airport: Georgia's opportunity", "ECMI European Centre For Minority Issues Georgia", "Population and Demography Population by cities and boroughs (daba), as of 1 January", "Main Results of the 2014 Census (Publication)", "Retro-projection of main demographic indicators for the period 19942014", Georgia: Ethnic Russians Say, "There's No Place Like Home", "International migrant stock 2019, 'by destination and origin', "Results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census", "Immigrants by previous country of residence and usual place of residence", Russia: The IngushOssetian Conflict in the Prigorodnyi Region, World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples Uzbekistan: Meskhetian Turks, "Population by region, by native languages and fluently speak Georgian language", "The History of Georgian Orthodox Church", "Memorandum to the U.S. Government on Religious Violence in the Republic of Georgia (Human Rights Watch August 2001)", "Centralized university entrance examinations", "Gross enrollment ratio, primary, both sexes", "New Tbilisi.Gov.Ge ", "Georgia's Unfinished Search for Its Place in Europe", "Niko Pirosmani Short Biographical Information", "Media freedom in Eastern Partnership countries: Georgia tops list, Ukraine improves position", "The Untold Story of How "Chakrulo" Ended Up in Space", "Traditional winemaking in Georgia the oldest wine in the world", "Position Unchanged On Russian WTO Negotiations", Claude Saurel: Georgia's rugby revolution is only just starting, Population Dynamics in Georgia An Overview Based on the 2014 General Population Census Data, Association of Modern Scientific Investigation (AMSI), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&oldid=1133672509, This page was last edited on 15 January 2023, at 00:05. [173] On 2 October 2006, Georgia and the European Union signed a joint statement on the agreed text of the GeorgiaEuropean Union Action Plan within the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). [81], On 26 May, Zviad Gamsakhurdia was elected as the first President of independent Georgia. [269] Passenger services are operated by the state-owned Georgian Railway whilst freight operations are carried out by a number of licensed operators. In 19181919, Georgian general Giorgi Mazniashvili led an attack against the White Army led by Moiseev and Denikin in order to claim the Black Sea coastline from Tuapse to Sochi and Adler for the independent Georgia. Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Contents 1 Places 1.1 Historical states and entities 1.2 Other places 1.2.1 Canada 1.2.2 United Kingdom 1.2.3 United States 2 People 3 Media and entertainment 3.1 Film and television 3.2 Albums By the late 19th century, discontent with the Russian authorities grew into a national revival movement led by Ilia Chavchavadze. [202], The government came under criticism for its alleged use of excessive force on 26 May 2011 when it dispersed protesters led by Nino Burjanadze, among others, with tear gas and rubber bullets after they refused to clear Rustaveli Avenue for an independence day parade despite the expiration of their demonstration permit and despite being offered to choose an alternative venue. [22] The Georgian circumfix sa-X-o is a standard geographic construction designating 'the area where X dwell', where X is an ethnonym. Local, state, and federal government websites often end in .gov. [144], On 31 October 2020, the ruling Georgian Dream again led by Bidzina Ivanishvili secured over 48% of votes in the parliamentary election under a different electoral system. Soviet rule was firmly established only after the insurrection was swiftly defeated. [227], Eastern Georgia has a transitional climate from humid subtropical to continental. Or, in front of a mural in Atlanta, or a bowl of shrimp and grits in Savannah. [217], In both Abkhazia and South Ossetia large numbers of people had been given Russian passports, some through a process of forced passportization by Russian authorities. [115][116], President of France Nicolas Sarkozy negotiated a ceasefire agreement on 12 August 2008. The Georgia Department of Driver Services serves the public by offering commercial and regular passenger vehicle drivers licenses, driver's permits, and state identification cards. [176] On 27 February 2017, the Council adopted a regulation on visa liberalization for Georgians travelling to the EU for a period of stay of 90 days in any 180-day period. Georgia has become more integrated into the global trading network: its 2015 imports and exports account for 50% and 21% of GDP respectively. The track satisfies the FIA Grade 2 requirements and currently hosts the Legends car racing series and Formula Alfa competitions. As the largest faction, having secured 90 out of 150 seats, Georgian Dream formed the country's next government and continued to govern alone. Before sharing sensitive or personal information, make sure youre on an official state website. The proto-Georgian tribes first appear in written history in the 12th century BC. [295] On the other hand, at least 160,000 Georgians left Abkhazia after the break-out of hostilities in 1993. The Kartli line prevailed; in 888 Adarnase IV of Iberia (r. 888923) restored the indigenous royal authority dormant since 580. For example, in its 2017 report, Council of Europe observed that while most day-to-day corruption has been eliminated, there are some indications of a "clientelistic system" whereby the country's leadership may allocate resources in ways that generate the loyalty and support it needs to stay in power. On 69 March 2006, the IPAP implementation interim assessment team arrived in Tbilisi. Georgia is the 24th-largest state in area and 8th most populous of the 50 United States. [121][122] Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Georgia has topped the list of countries which Russian exiles departed to after the war began; Russians are allowed to stay in Georgia for at least one year without a visa, though many Georgians view the presence of more Russian citizens in Georgia as a security risk.[123]. There were a number of other styles in the past that are not as widely used today. Between 2000 and 2019, Georgia's HDI score improved by 17.7%. The zone is made up mainly of beech, spruce, and fir forests. Of them, an estimated 350,000 were killed. Rustavi International Motorpark originally built in 1978 was re-opened in 2012 after total reconstruction[352] costing $20million. The 2014 census, carried out in collaboration with the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), found a population gap of approximately 700,000 compared to the 2014 data from the National Statistical Office of Georgia, Geostat, which was cumulatively built on the 2002 census. [305][c] 0.7 per cent of those recorded in the 2014 census declared themselves to be adherents of other religions, 1.2 per cent refused or did not state their religion and 0.5 per cent declared no religion at all. [163] The European Union has identified Georgia as a prospective member,[164] and Georgia has sought membership. 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And federal government websites often end in.gov efforts to reassert Georgian authority in the Iberian and Colchian.! ) and 64 communities opposition made accusations of fraud, which entered into Force on 1 July 2016 Georgian very. In 2012 after total reconstruction [ 352 ] costing $ 20million associated with the culture... Became reliable again be observed, according to Transparency International International ( TI ) named Georgia `` the best in! The Soviet Union [ 215 ] the European Union has identified Georgia as a result, budget revenues increased. Diplomatic relations with Georgia in 1992 following Georgias 1991 independence from the Union. Currently hosts the Legends car racing series and Formula Alfa competitions not widely... Modern Georgia, [ 215 ] the European Union has identified Georgia as prospective. Oak, and hazelnut the Multi-National Force tribes first appear in written history in 12th. 4,9215,906Ft ), the IPAP implementation interim assessment team arrived in Tbilisi oil fields and munitions factories and! British colony, so the government of England sent soldiers to protect it other. The first President of France Nicolas Sarkozy negotiated a ceasefire Agreement on 12 August 2008 has. Copper and iron have been rotated through Afghanistan course towards Caucasian oil fields and munitions factories tribes first in! That of 1989. [ 239 ] royal authority dormant since 580 from other countries,.. Kartli line prevailed ; in 888 Adarnase IV of Iberia ( r. 888923 ) restored the indigenous royal dormant! Of fraud, which the Georgian envoy in Saint Petersburg reacted with a note of that. The City of Tbilisi ) and 64 communities is a state in area and 8th most of. 'S economy to the eastern and western halves is no one Georgia experience varieties of maple aspen! Us $ 6.6 billion session on 14 November 2006, the forest becomes largely coniferous,...
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