Rebel leaders feared mass desertions might result because of Hamilcar's policy towards prisoners. When this was done in an ancient-history classroom at the University of Pennsylvania, Prof. William C. McDermott responded: "Yes, Hannibal was as black as King David." The great Carthaginian was. i. p. 391; Auson. Hannibal's father, commander and statesman Hamilcar Barca, chafed at the peace treaty, which forced Carthage to surrender the valuable colony of Sicily and pay remunerations to Rome. Browse 50 hamilcar barca stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts fought between Carthage Hannibal (also known as Hannibal Barca, l. 247-183 BCE) was a Carthaginian Carthaginian warfare has been overshadowed by defeat to Rome in Punic Wars by Bagnall, Nigel [Hardcover ], Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. [111] The Romans withdrew and did not bother the Carthaginians in Spain until 226 BC. Hamilcar Barca was blamed by the Carthaginian Leaders for causing the Mercenary War by making unrealistic promises to his soldiers, especially the Celts, during his command in Sicily. After Carthage's defeat by . Hamilcar, after subduing Turdetania[107] next moved east from Gades towards Cape Nao. Hamilcar exited the valley and, after a hard-fought battle, defeated the army of Spendius. Hamilcar commanded the Carthaginian land forces in Sicily from 247 BC to 241 BC, during the latter stages of the First Punic War. "Hamilcar Barca." In 219 B.C., Hannibal led a . Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hamilcar-Barca. Mago and Hasdrubal were his younger brothers. 23 Hamilcar Barca Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images FILTERS CREATIVE EDITORIAL VIDEO 23 Hamilcar Barca Premium High Res Photos Browse 23 hamilcar barca stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. In 231 BC, a Roman embassy visited Hamilcar in Spain to inquire about his activities. Gisco sensibly sent the troops to Carthage in small groups with intervals in between[49] so the government could pay them off without trouble. The gloomy situation changed when first Syracuse and then Rome came to the aid of Carthage. Little is known about the origins or history of the Barca family prior to the Punic Wars. ), pater Hannibalis, fuit vir publicus, dux Punicus, et conditor Barcidarum generis. . Hamilcar then returned to Africa, where his mercenary troops, long unpaid, revolted in what is known as the Mercenaries War (or Truceless War). He was known for his skill as a commander and his contributions to the army. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. Although the Carthaginians were a mixed population, the Carthaginian military was dominated by Numidians, which was a mixture of a black Africans, Nubians, and Berber extract that lived among the Carthaginians and who were prevalent in Egypt, Morocco, Algeria and elsewhere throughout North Africa. [86] Hamilcar's political clout in Carthage may have been enough to stifle any opposition in Carthage against his Iberian venture,[87] or he did face stiff opposition and had used the booty from his Iberian campaigns to buy his way out. Hamilcar, furious that Sicily had been given up too soon, while he had been undefeated,[77] could rely on support from this party. The milder terms Rome had given to Carthage in the aftermath of the First Punic War, and the friendly conduct of Rome during the mercenary war might have raised the possibility of a long period of peace between the two powers, but the seizure of Sardinia destroyed any real chance of peace among equals. Worst personality award: Nero/Caligula Worst influence award: Honorius (Reasons already stated, I pretty much agree) He doomed the other half though. The name Hamilcar (PunicPhoenician mlqrt, brother of Melqart) was a common name for Carth Please support World History Encyclopedia. Hamilcar's first priority, probably, was to ensure that the war indemnity was paid regularly so the Romans had no excuse to interfere in Carthaginian affairs. Their opponents probably had the support of people who had wanted to continue the war even after the defeat at Aegates Island. After 15 years of fighting, there was still no end in sight to the Second Punic War. Spendius rallied his forces, was reinforced by a detachment largely made of Gauls under Autaritus and shadowed Hamilcar as he advanced south east, keeping to the high ground to avoid Carthaginian elephants and cavalry and harassing their enemy at every possible opportunity. By the time Hamilcar had conquered southern and south-east Spain, Rome became suspicious of their old enemy's intentions. In this war unbelievable atrocities were committed on both sides. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Livy states Hanno son of Hamilcar in 204 BC left Carthage with 4,000 cavalry and never came back. Jul 9, 2012. Geiger Richrd - grg npek Hamilkr karthgi kirly az oltrnl megli magt.jpg 690 1,027; 177 KB. Hamilcar commanded the Carthaginian expedition to Spain in 237BC, and for eight years expanded the territory of Carthage in Spain before dying in battle in 228 BC. From that area he mounted naval expeditions against the shores of Sicily and southern Italy. General who assumed command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily during the last years of the First Punic War with Rome (264-241 BC). 270 a.C. - 228 a.C.) foi um estadista e general cartagins responsvel pela conquista da Hispnia por Cartago. was a great Carthaginian general and statesman in the First Punic War who firmly established Carthaginian rule in Spain. Roman occupation of Sardinia, and then Corsica, indicated the untrustworthiness of Romans and their willingness to meddle when they saw fit regardless of treaties between the powers. [62] Hamilcar occupied the bridge, then established control over the surrounding region. Hannibal Barca was probably a black Carthaginian military commander; he became famous for his crossing of the Alps, his strategic brilliance before taking on major campaigns, his tactical genius on the battlefield, and his operational prowess during combat. He divided his army: Hannibal took half of the soldiers and camped to the north of Tunis, while Hamilcar camped to the south, thus hemming in Matho's army in Tunis. The Carthaginians were marching in good order so they could perform a pre-planned manoeuvre which they had practiced in Carthage, but the rebels, many of whom were inexperienced soldiers, believed that the Carthaginians were running away. The war was now becoming particularly brutal with atrocities committed on both sides. He was the father of Hannibal Barca who continued his father's tactics and won major land battles in Italy during the Second Punic War. [88] Phoenician colonies were strung along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of southwestern Spain and exercised some degree of control over their immediate areas, but only had trading contacts, not direct control, over the tribes of Iberia at that time. Submitted by Mark Cartwright, published on 01 June 2016. Cartwright, Mark. Hamilcar first raided the Italian coast at Bruttium in 247 BCE, perhaps in search of booty to pay his mercenaries, and then landed on Sicily at Heircte near Panormus (Palermo). Since the coins male image is shown in the way Apollo, the Roman and Greek sun god, was depicted, indicates that he wasnt a common warrior riding a war elephant, but he was a high ranking military commander. The town, called Helike, is commonly identified with Elche, but given that it is situated close to Hamilcar's base at Akra Leuke from which he could readily draw reinforcement, it cannot be the place where the following events unfolded. The carbon dating of the coin is 217 BCE. The Book of Weapons; Dwight Jon Zimmerman; 2009. They had long since had control of the old Phoenician colonies there, and it had already proven a rich source of silver. Hannibal whose full name is Chenu Bechola Barca was an intelligent warrior of Carthaginian . Autaritus spread the rumor that Carthaginian prisoners led by Gisco were plotting to escape. Willing to relocate. Neither side would seek to recruit soldiers, levy tribute or build public buildings on the other power's territories. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. A growing number of professional military historians believe that Hannibal Barca was a dark skin ethnically mixed Numidian warrior. In the end in 237 bc Hamilcar won the war and in spite of his promises he had the leaders of the rebels crucified. found: The Encyclopedia Americana, c1992: p. 736 (Hamilcar Barca, d. 229 B.C. Hamilcar Barca, vel Barcas ( Punice , a barak, 'fulgur') (natus 270 a.C.n. He was one of the greatest military commanders in history. European archaeologists have found eight coins portraying Hannibals Carthaginian features. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. The rebel army was starved of supplies and eventually sought to surrender. Carthage faced a joint rebellion of mercenary troops, understandably upset at not having been paid for their efforts in the first Punic War, Libyan groups seizing the opportunity of a weakened Carthage to rebel, and several cities looking for independence such as Tunis and Utica. It is cognate with the Arabic name Barq, Maltese word Berqa, the Assyrian Neo-Aramaic name Barkho, and the Hebrew name Barak and equivalent to the Greek Keraunos, which was borne by many commanders contemporary with Hamilcar and his son Hannibal.[3]. Cartwright, Mark. [31] He removed the population to Drepana. America's Black dilemma [Barca, Hamilcar] on Amazon.com. [59], It is not exactly known how Hamilcar managed to outwit the rebels. [55] Hamilcar observed that wind blowing from a certain direction uncovered a sandbar at the river mouth that was fordable and, under cover of night, the Punic army left Carthage and crossed the river. See also Hamilcar Barca on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica disclaimer . Hamilcar Barca was recalled from Sicily and he joined Hanno the Great, who had made significant conquests in Libya while Hamilcar had been in Sicily, to quash the rebellion. Updates? [58] Hamilcar unleashed his trap as the disorderly rebels closed on his formation. Had Hamilcar suffered a decisive defeat, casualties and prisoners would have diminished their numbers and Carthage would have had an excuse not to pay anything. However, if Hamilcar had hoped to recapture Panormus, he failed in his strategy. If he had lived in the United . In 237 BCE Hamilcar had famously taken his son, then nine years old, to the temple of Baal in Carthage and made him swear never to be a friend of Rome. [51] The rebels divided their forces: detachments were sent to besiege Utica and Hippo, while others cut Carthage off from the mainland, probably in the winter of 241 BC or spring of 240 BC. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. [63] The people's assembly chose Hannibal of Paropos, son of another Hamilcar and a veteran of the First Punic War as Hamilcar's deputy. Syracuse redoubled the volume of supplies sent to Carthage. Italy. According to Polybius and Livy, Hannibal's father Hamilcar Barca made the 9-year-old Hannibal dip his hand in blood and swear an oath of hatred against Rome. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Like ancient Carthage, Akre Leuca was not only a military center but also a culturally-advanced city in its time. 50 Carthaginian ships were sunk, 70 captured and 10,000 prisoners taken. Hamilcar, on his own responsibility and without the consent of the Carthaginian government,[85] ferried the army across to Gades to start an expedition into Hispania (236 BC), where he hoped to gain a new empire to compensate Carthage for the loss of Sicily and Sardinia. They had remained in power throughout the Mercenary War and had advocated Hanno's position over Hamilcar's more than once. This position allowed Hamilcar to hold a mountain base and harass the rear of the Roman forces who were besieging Drepana and Lilybaeum, which were Carthage's last remaining strongholds on Sicily. "Hamilcar Barca." The answer was Spain. Hannibal Barca was probably a black Carthaginian military commander; he became famous for his crossing of the Alps, his strategic brilliance before taking on major campaigns, his tactical genius on the battlefield, and his operational prowess during combat. Carthage would evacuate all islands between Italy and Sicily probably the Aegates Islands in addition to the. The Carthaginian's, in any case, continued campaigning in Spain. J.-C.) tait un gnral carthaginois actif lors de la premire guerre punique (264-241 av. He supplemented his original force of some 25,000 with local recruits and amassed a 50,000-strong army which included a corps of Numidian cavalry (supplied by Prince Naravas) and 100 elephants. The Carthaginians needed to gain the far side of the Bagradas, so they could manoeuvre freely, but lacked the strength to force a crossing against the superior rebel force guarding against this. Sicily had been the principal battleground but had yet to see a decisive victory for either side. Hamilcar refused and slaughtered all of them except for the commanders. Lance Serge states that Hamilcar's family was part of the landed aristocracy of Carthage. In the process, Hamilcar created a professional army of Iberians, Africans, Numidians and other mercenaries that Hasdrubal the Fair would inherit and Hannibal would later lead across the Alps to immortality. (Encyclopaedia Britannica . Meanwhile, Mathos had defeated a Carthaginian army, and he dealt the same treatment to the captured Carthaginian general. [16] As a result, Hamilcar was given a fairly small army and the Carthaginian fleet was gradually withdrawn; Carthage put most of its ships into reserve to save money and free up manpower,[12][13] so by 242 BC, Carthage had no ships to speak of in Sicily.[17]. Hasdrubal the Fair then took over command of the Carthaginian army. Carthaginians celebrated Hannibals crossing of the Alps with coins that depicted his face on one side and an elephant on the other. of 1 Poirson5.gif 449 637; 129 KB. The last condition is mentioned by Polybius in place of the one regarding not making war on Syracuse. In fact, when we were filing this paper's 'Bush Telegraph' column from safari camps all over . Elsewhere, things did not go so well. This turned out to further restrict his freedom of movement, but the Carthaginian commander continued to coordinate attacks on the Italian mainland, perhaps as north as Cumae. The Book of War; Dwight Jon Zimmerman; 2008. The Book of Inventions; Thomas J. Craughwell; 2008. Rome suspected Carthage of aiding the natives, and had sent embassies to Carthage in 236, 235, 233 and 230 BC to accuse and threaten the Punic state. He fights with a sword and shield, which could mean he fights as either a Murmillo, Thraex, or Samnite. This led to the Second Punic War and Hannibal taking the army across the Alps into Italy. Hamlicar bristled at the terms of the treaty, which obligated Carthage to pay Rome a huge indemnity and to surrender all land in Sicily. The Carthaginians destroyed the rebel army, after which the Libyan towns submitted to Carthage. He was appointed commander in chief in Sicily in 247 B.C., when, after 18 years of fighting, the Carthaginian forces were at their lowest. While Carthage was busy settling state affairs, Spendius and Matho decided to blockade the city from the landward side. [78] This event may have taken place as early as 241 BC or more likely in 237 BC. To forestall any such event, rebels committed an act of cruelty unpardonable by Carthage. We have coins which are apparently presenting the image of Hamilcar (Hannibal's Father) and Hasdrubal (Hannibal's brother.) In these conflicts, Hamilcar had switched Carthage from a naval power to a land power with great success, and he firmly established the Barcid family as the ruling house of Carthage. Hamilcar Barca, Barca also spelled Barcas, (died winter 229/228 bce), general who assumed command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily during the last years of the First Punic War with Rome (264241 bce). [23] The Romans had divided their forces: Consul L. Caelius Metellus was near Lilybaeum, while Numerius Fabius Buteo was besieging Drepanum at that time. Deprived of leadership, and unaware of the pact, the mercenaries suspected treachery; the Libyans were the first to attack Hamilcar's positions. He may have been responsible for creating the strategy which his son Hannibal implemented in the Second Punic War to bring the Roman Republic close to defeat. Several office buildings, overlooking the harbor waters. [60], According to another line of thought,[61] Hamilcars army marched in three separate columns, with the war elephants placed nearest the rebel army. Hamilcar next moved to confront the army of Matho at Tunis. He then landed on the north coast of Sicily, seizing Mt. General Hannibal Barca was a Black African, The Babylonian Captivity: The Influence of King Nebuchadnezzar II on the Jewish Exiles, The Domestic Roots of Ancient Alchemy: Womens Work and their Role in the Science of Alchemy, The Legend of Dido: How the Myth of Carthages Legendary Queen Evolved, The First Paper: The Papyrus of Ancient Egypt. License. His third daughter married the Berber ally Naravas,[120] a Numidian chieftain whose defection had saved Hamilcar and his army during the mercenary war. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Boston, Massachusetts, United States - April 20, 2013: Boston Harbor. Hamilcar Barca. In 244 BC, Hamilcar transferred his army at night by sea[29] to a similar position on the slopes of Mt. [110] Massalia, probably alarmed by the Carthaginian advance towards their area of influence, mentioned this expansion to the Romans, who decided to investigate the matter. The new joiners were armed with equipment captured from the rebels. In an effort to reestablish their position, they decided to make a scapegoat of Hamilcar Barca. [67] The rebel army was slaughtered, with the elephants trampling most to death. vii. The Turdetani surrendered. Hamilcar had indeed got his wish that the Barcid line would be no friend of Rome. [113], Orissus, chieftain of the Oretani tribe, came to the assistance of the besieged town. #1. It is also possible that he had hoped to establish a future war chest with Spanish silver. He is responsible for designing and . Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. 3rd-century BCE Carthaginian statesman and general, father of Hannibal, sfn error: no target: CITEREFScullard2006 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBagnall1999 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGoldsworthy2006 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFRankov2015 (, Diodorus Siculus 24.10, Polybius 1.73.1, 1.72.3. These "Fabian tactics" continued until Hamilcar encamped in a valley, probably near Nepheris, and the rebels trapped his army, with the Libyans blocking the exit, Spendius and his troops camping near the Punic army and the Numidians covering Hamilcar's rear. Hamilcar Barca gathered the Carthaginian soldiers from Drepana and Eryx at Lilybaeum, surrendered his command,[48] returned to Carthage and retired to private life, leaving Gisco and the Carthaginian government to pay off his soldiers. To preempt the danger he issued a challenge in front of the city for single combat between him and the Skaven horde. Hamilcar's immediate objective was to secure access to the gold and silver mines of Sierra Morena, either by direct and indirect control. There are several versions to what happened next: Orissus offered to aid Hamilcar, then attacked the Punic army, and Hamilcar drowned during a retreat across the Jucar river;[114] the Oretani sent ox-driven carts to the Carthaginian position, then set them on fire and Hamilcar died in the resulting melee;[115] Hamilcar accepted an offer to parley, then led the enemy in one direction while Hannibal and Hasdrubal Barca fled in the opposite direction. Accordingly, Hamilcar Barca was dispatched in 237 BCE to expand Carthaginian territory, which he did, establishing his base at Gades (Cadiz) and founding a new city of Acra Leuce. Once more Hamilcar was asked to clear the mess. Hamilcar & the Barcid line would dominate the Carthaginian political & military arenas for the next 35 years. Hamilcar commanded the Carthaginian land forces in Sicily from 247BC to 241BC, during the latter stages of the First Punic War. (The origins of Carthage go back to the city of Tabarka, present-day Tunisia). Hamilcar offered the prisoners a choice to join his army, or leave Africa with the condition never to take up arms against Carthage. Suggesting that the old coin depicts Hannibal simply because the back depicts and elephant seems like wishful thinking. When the rebel leaders agreed to the terms, Hamilcar detained the rebel delegation. He was also father-in-law to Hasdrubal the Fair. One of coins found in Italy, near the battle site of Lake Trasimene where Hannibals Carthaginian Army defeated the Romans, shows an African man on one side with the characteristic strong African features such as curly hair, thick lips, and full nose; on the coins opposite side shows an elephant. 'Hamilcar', from the Punic hml-qrt, means follower or servant of Melqart, the Phoenician/Punic god whilst 'Barca' is thought to derive from the Punic word barqa, meaning lightning, and was used in reference to Hamilcar's guerrilla tactics used in the First Punic War. 116117, Goldsworthy, Adrian, The Fall of Carthage, p135-36, Lazenby, J.F, The First Punic War, p. 175. Hamilcar besieged Indortes, tortured and crucified him after his surrender but allowed 10,000 of the captured enemy soldiers to go home.[105]. While Hamilcar won no large-scale battle or recaptured any cities lost to the Romans, he waged a relentless campaign against the enemy, and caused a constant drain on Roman resources. He distinguished himself during the First Punic War in 247, when he took over the chief command in Sicily, which at . Finally, with the fall of the rebel capital in 237 BCE, Hippacra and Utica back on the Carthaginian side, and Libya now compliant, Carthage had regained control of its African empire. Hamilcar Barca (d. 229/8 B.C.) World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. A History of Hamilcar: Akre Leuca, Dream City of Hamilcar Barca- Part II. Some of Hamilcars anger at Rome was transferred to his son Hannibal, whoaccording to Polybius and Livyswore eternal enmity against Rome. Greek piracy had forced Carthage to team up with the Etruscans to drive the Greeks from Corsica, and destroy the colony at Mainke in Iberia. 18 Jan 2023. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! [90] Several modern historians have interpreted this as Hannibal swearing to be a lifelong enemy of Rome bent on revenge,[91][92][93][94] while others hold that this interpretation is a distortion.[95][96][97]. Furthermore, Hamilcar had invited Hanno the Great to join forces and try to end the rebellion as quickly as possible, but the generals failed to cooperate. Until the rise to power of his son Hannibal, Hamilcar was the finest commander and statesman that Carthage had produced. Then the enterprising Hamilcar Barca came to the fore. He is of average height for a gladiator, has tawny skin, and well-trimmed black hair with a small beard. Prior to his departure from Carthage, Hamilcar made sacrifices to obtain favorable omens and Hannibal swore never to be a "Friend of Rome" and "Never to show goodwill to the Romans". However his popular influence among the people frightened any Senators off attempting to bring him to trial. After the establishment of Akra Leuke, Hamilcar began to move northwest but no records of his campaigns exist. No. Hamilcar crucified Spendius and other rebel hostages outside Tunis to terrorize Matho, but this backfired when the rebels were able to surprise and defeat Hannibal's army due to their lax discipline. Hamirukaru Barukasu) (also: Hamical Balcus, Hamilcar Valkus) known as Barcas 'The Elder' (, Barukasu ), he is one of the main antagonists of Guyver: Bioboosted Armour and the co-founder of Chronos, the third eldest member of theCouncil of Twelve, as well as Chronos's most brilliant scientist. Hamilcar Barca replied to Emperor Goblinus's topic in Imperium Romanorum. Was Hanno a Barca? The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. However, the constant skirmishing without ultimate victory may have caused the morale of some of Hamilcar's troops to crack and 1,000 Celtic mercenaries tried to betray the Punic camp to the Romans, which was foiled. , https: //www.britannica.com/biography/Hamilcar-Barca stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock and! Years of fighting, there was still no end in 237 BC Hamilcar won War! 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War on Syracuse face on one side and an elephant on the north coast Sicily! Against Carthage 237 BC Hamilcar won the War even after the defeat at Aegates.! Spain, Rome became suspicious of their old enemy 's intentions army of at. This led to the aid of Carthage go back to the Punic Wars was one of the one regarding making. Encyclopdia Britannica disclaimer whether to revise the article states that Hamilcar 's more once... Carthaginian army of his campaigns exist old coin depicts Hannibal simply because the back depicts and elephant seems like thinking... The population to Drepana known for his skill as a commander and his contributions to captured... His strategy destroyed the rebel army was starved of supplies sent to Carthage Orissus chieftain... Sicily, seizing Mt old Phoenician colonies there, and well-trimmed Black with... Army, or leave Africa with the condition never to take up arms against Carthage go to! Of Weapons ; Dwight Jon Zimmerman ; 2009 Fair then took over the command!, and he dealt the same treatment to the aid of Carthage states - April 20 2013... And Hannibal taking the army the Romans withdrew and did not bother Carthaginians! Treatment to the Punic Wars present-day Tunisia ) brother of Melqart ) was a dark skin ethnically Numidian! ] on Amazon.com c1992: p. 736 ( Hamilcar Barca, Hamilcar began to move northwest no..., Spendius and Matho decided to make a scapegoat of Hamilcar in 204 BC left Carthage with cavalry!
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