Providing valuable assessment opportunities to uncover how clients think and act in situations. Barter goods and services with doctors to receive care. SU6ySnkfr0xj7MPdWx8Ns+na2qNWfvOEpKeW9Gn/AEFP/sUz/wAmkpXo0/6Cn/2KZ/5NJSvRp/0F Use DAR (Describe-Analyze-Relate) to discuss the posters. Children, in particular, can find it helpful as an opportunity to act out problematic behavior while providing a performance-based learning experience (Corey, 2013; Dobson, 2011). SQ-3hirLXZN&8tOs Its hard to talk right now, but I (e.g., need a few moments). Line the groups up behind the line and begin. } (6G$ O Oi5UHHP| hYio9+pF;^?41=gmva(E{$ QD'BxpwFD-"JC0/O26v>$0[0$ Your email address will not be published. ySnkfr03dZh/oqbfbZ/PWenGrOP0tcpKeW2D/uNh/wDsR/78pKVsH/cbD/8AYj/35SUrYP8AuNh/ 0000011707 00000 n XuO17G2BxMa+57eElOL/AMzKP/LWj/tiv/0okpX/ADMo/wDLWj/tiv8A9KJKT4/1cyMRhZideFDX , Whether taking any part in the role play or not, the role of the teacher is to be as unobtrusive as possible (Livingstone, 1983). No on-going cross-cultural re1ationships exist origiiinlly, although there are on-going realtionships among some of the Japanese. It was given to me by my Italian parents. Sv2z9Rf9Bj/+wv8A6jSUr9s/UX/QY/8A7C/+o0lK/bP1F/0GP/7C/wDqNJTa6X1P6p5GdVT0yqlu p/8AiV6N/wCm/F/881pKdZJTyP16exlmHusYyW2fTqbbOrP3mmElPLetT/p6f/YVn/kElK9an/T0 When this is done, on the left side of the board the instructor writes down useful expressions, asking the students, 'Can the customer say it in another way? 8P8A7bt/9JpKV6lP7+H/ANt2/wDpNJSvUp/fw/8Atu3/ANJpKV6lP7+H/wBt2/8ApNJT0/1Gcx2T Role-play in therapy has the potential to help clients not previously helped by other treatments. H\j0~ xref ql/3E/8AAGf3pKV/zp+qX/cT/wAAZ/ekpX/On6pf9xP/AABn96SnT6H1fo3UrbWdLp9J1bQXn021 JS4rraZa0A+IASUu5rXtLXgOB5B1BSUi+yYv+hr/AMwf3JKV9kxf9DX/AJg/uSUr7Ji/6Gv/ADB/ 0000008781 00000 n MRIEQVFhcSITBTKBkRShsUIjwVLR8DMkYuFygpJDUxVjczTxJQYWorKDByY1wtJEk1SjF2RFVTZ0 Cross-cultural communication refers to communication and interaction among different cultures, involving information dissemination and interpersonal communication as well as the flow, sharing, infiltration, and transfer of various cultural elements in the world ( Carey, 2009; Del Giudice et al., 2016 ). A typical script might be a variation on the following: If your husband were in the room, how close would he be sitting or standing? endstream endobj 55 0 obj <>stream Where do internationals live? Ze3rVoZflVjaz20tJZ9Ed/Vb+RJTj+rlf9y8/wDzD/6XSUr1cr/uXn/5h/8AS6Slerlf9y8//MP/ Step three Identify coping strategies. Both team members are now visibly distressed and it has negatively . 0000004549 00000 n hb```b``a`c```@ dpn33Y0a,Ty6TeL:5To0A[mn.+=n+WkE=,I^f'PCJWQ@}*fU-fRfRnFVlxd67]d_5YY6RIh*:}~*w-{",nfn3~uq,P[@n6P0 endstream endobj 62 0 obj <>]/PageLabels 52 0 R/Pages 54 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 63 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 396.0 612.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 64 0 obj <> endobj 65 0 obj <> endobj 66 0 obj <> endobj 67 0 obj [97 0 R] endobj 68 0 obj <>stream go to eat? He lives in isolation in his home, a place he best describes as his and cosy. Second edition. In addition to group discussion, an evaluation questionnaire can be used. Now as I said, I travel a lot, so I like playing with the airlines. Rnning, S. B., & Bjrkly, S. (2019). lK/8cX/zX/8Ag/8A6hSUr/xxf/Nf/wCD/wDqFJSv/HF/81//AIP/AOoUlOt9XfrN+3rbqvs32f0W "Thanks for sharing. Any questions? /sOf/JJKV/zr+rn8n/2HP/kklLt+tv1da4OaWtI1BGOZH/SSUl/57dG/0zv+2Xf+SSUr/nt0b/TO endstream endobj 2 0 obj <> endobj 10 0 obj <> endobj 107 0 obj <>stream FTb7bP56z041Zx+lrlJTy2wf9xsP/wBiP/flJStg/wC42H/7Ef8AvykpWwf9xsP/ANiP/flJStg/ FjWRqz95jklPLfYmf9xbv+36/wD0kkp1+j9azOiY78fEwt7bH+oTba0mYDfzWt8ElOh/zz6t/wCV "For example, lets look at one item we circled from our poster. Linking language learning and simulation/gaming. Adobe PDF Library 8.0 So I went up, and I actually said, Excuse me, but the plane is 30 minutes late, Im a punctual person, you know. Exactly! Your fellowship group is predominantly Chinese with a growing number of Southeast Asians, and a few Americans & Latino-Americans. In all , therE are ten firms, four Crosscultural Role Play | International Student Ministry December 16, 2013 Crosscultural Role Play Role Play - Scenarios (all names are meant to be gender-neutral) Campus Event: Your campus hosts an event each week called Int'l Caf where internationals gather to hang out and meet other internationals and Americans. 7g2zEluO722f0ifFn0YISU8x6jP9Fgfe7/ySSleoz/RYH3u/8kkpXqM/0WB97v8AySSleoz/AEWB Importance Of cross cultural Communication. Example about Dollar Bills: "You will work in pairs in order to solve the problem. /Producer (PDF-XChange Printer 2012 \(5.5 build 315\) [Windows 7 Enterprise x64 \(Build 7601: Service Pack 1\)]) "We are going to explore the following questions today: "Today you will be working on pairs or groups where you will have to share ideas and work together to explore the content. 0000018918 00000 n /Yf/AN9klPT/AFGfuycr9JTZDG/zNfpkann9FWkp7BJTk5P/AIqunf8Apvz/APz901JSvqn/AOJX endstream endobj 109 0 obj<> endobj 111 0 obj<>/Font<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/ExtGState<>>>>> endobj 112 0 obj[/ICCBased 123 0 R] endobj 113 0 obj<> endobj 114 0 obj<> endobj 115 0 obj<>stream +jAQMDG+dTD+VqSl/wBidG/7gYv/AGyz/wAikpX7E6N/3Axf+2Wf+RSUr9idG/7gYv8A2yz/AMik This is my workplace. I can give you a fancy title of what I do, but what I really do is I try to help people communicate better, especially in the global business world. G)S %srE 6VpaWF297tDBiHvcOySnRSUpJTgdW6L0HNznX572C4hocHX+mYA09sJKaf8Azb+qv+kq/wDYr/Yk EPTcctc8@+@jccd Dw/7Qxj+dsbd9dngkpxf+an1j/7of9s1f+86Sno8T6v9Mbi0ty8LGfeK2i5za2wXgDcRDR3SUnHQ 4sorltn8/ULZ1Z9GabYSU8v9od/3Iwf/AGFH/vIkpX2h3/cjB/8AYUf+8iSlfaHf9yMH/wBhR/7y 3 0 obj Introducing role-play in therapy is a skill that requires practice and focus to ensure that the client can try out their new skills and coping mechanisms. (De)constructing humanitarian representations of forcibly displaced people : a mixed-methods and multidimensional research project on the public communication s 0000057317 00000 n /CreationDate (D:20151207174709+02'00') After role-play has ended, its helpful to ask the client several questions to encourage metacognition (Beck, 2011; Mann, 2010): During role-play, it is helpful for the person playing the role to think out loud, explaining their thoughts, beliefs, emotions, and rationale behind their behavior (Baim et al., 2007). f6/2ElK9B3+gu/1/sJKV6Dv9Bd/r/YSUr0Hf6C7/AF/sJKV6Dv8AQXf6/wBhJSvQd/oLv9f7CSle These role plays examine nonverbal communication issues and make the students think about the importance of non-verbal communication. What expression is on his face? U8fpbElPXpKcnJ/8VXTv/Tfn/wDn7pqSlfVP/wASvRv/AE34v/nmtJTrJKcH6y9I6n1N+Oen/Z4r As you quite rightly say, my name Pellegrino, which is my first name, means 'pilgrim'. This has been escalating for a few weeks now and has resulted in one of the team members speaking aggressively to her colleague in front of the whole team. 256 99 0 obj <>stream This line will run from here to here (show and walk it). Role-playing scripts can be particularly helpful with reticent clients, replacing more traditional talk therapy techniques when individuals feel guarded or suspicious. In S. Holden (Ed.). %PDF-1.4 % 0000023846 00000 n It is recommended that the instructor avoids intervening in a role play with error corrections not to discourage the students. =9FoUQalq;:o=dylp12X'59Q,fqV b8{/yf&=?4i:Aj+d:h` \ H\n0y Running simulation/games: A step-by-step guide. I feel (e.g., really angry) Individuals reenact scenes, work through problematic behavior, then reflect on emotional, cognitive, and behavioral aspects of what they experienced. Without a doubt, cross-cultural communication in today's multicultural society plays an imperative role in the exchange of information and has become part of our daily lives. OVERVIEW OF THE ROLE PLAY The role play takes place over four class periods, with the classroom si mulating an international international trade show. I would like to hear from each table. 0000011803 00000 n In an existing or imagined situation, the client is asked first to play the role of their emotional self. In D. Crookall & R. Oxford (Eds.). proof:pdf Now, with your eyes closed, imagine what he is wearing. 0000002352 00000 n Terms of Use | Can we talk later? "~]l>3J0lE+OB/f;/~QJ6 j6[C[udcITi=lKtZlz3eLamqr|Gz+nDOK>F3~pk:W8&[MBSu[\~rg'+{p^] <7-j->BA)T#se7;%Vm}r)MPal7xl*r=laOR,-D$(~apwK'8B_&H=,]6w=|"ZvFG194tF]Hk_9)wu. Cross-cultural Business Scenario / Role Play Skippy's Kids Store Synopsis: Clicking on the title will take you to the role play menu This section will lead you through a role play designed to act as a cross-cultural business scenario gone awry. 9rp/8sc3/tsf+9SSnc6Z9XM3q2GzOx+q3NrsLgBY1wd7SWn6Nzh2SU63Sfqvn9O6hVmXdRfkMr3T AAAAAAABAAIDBAUGBwgJCgsQAAEEAQMCBAIFBwYIBQMMMwEAAhEDBCESMQVBUWETInGBMgYUkaGx it helps a lot. He or she is listening for students' errors making notes. 0000014011 00000 n You will dialogue as the character and figure out a solution to the problem. Role-play can be helpful with children who may not yet have the words to describe how they feel or to put in place coping mechanisms to handle extreme emotions such as anger (Snowden & Rebar, 2018). InterVarsity Christian Fellowship/USA and its affiliated companies. rBxmWVvyamua5tTA5rml8ggpKdL/AJ2fVX/y56f/AOxVP/pRJSv+dn1V/wDLnp//ALFU/wDpRJSv trailer At the beginning level cue cards might contain detailed instructions (Byrne, 1983). Can you help me figure it out? He is somewhat primitive, but he is honest, straightforward, all he really wants in life are the simple little pleasures like peace and quiet. Do you recognize any of this? yCdPopKdhJTk5P8A4qunf+m/P/8AP3TUlK+qf/iV6N/6b8X/AM81pKdZJTFzGO+k0GPESkpb0qv3 Repeat as needed to hear voices from across the line. There are no limits, and a situation may become better understood the more it is revisited. It is as if they knew what I was going to do for the rest of my life. Find what you need fast! /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB Sometimes a client can feel stuck regarding their relationship with someone alive or dead. Review what quality interactive journal prompt looks like. ySSlf+N3j/8Ac1//AG2P/JJKV/43eP8A9zX/APbY/wDJJKV/43eP/wBzX/8AbY/8kkpX/jd4/wD3 The two Americans go out on their own to explore what the given land is like. /Width 1072 Business Communication Styles Role Play: This business communication role play pack is designed for upper-intermediate to advanced level adult learners but can be adjusted to suit the needs of your students.This pack includes:A communication style assessment - The assessment and results are based on the work of P. Case "Teaching for the Cross . This is because normal communication within any language varies significantly depending on factors such as age, education, and dialect. Byrne, D. (1983). endstream endobj 69 0 obj <> endobj 70 0 obj <> endobj 71 0 obj <> endobj 72 0 obj <> endobj 73 0 obj <>stream "Great job. other role players understand what they did/ said, and how they might change their behaviour as a result of the role play. 0000002435 00000 n I will give you thirty seconds. What activity did you enjoy most today, why? Iowa City, IA: Center for Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies. zduTlfoqa/Y3Wmz1CdTz+lsSU9gkpycn/wAVXTv/AE35/wD5+6akpX1T/wDEr0b/ANN+L/55rSU6 Her employees only make matters worse by concealing important information. OAYSNQHc/NJSD/nv0D/SWf8AbZSUr/nv0D/SWf8AbZSU3ul9f6d1h9leC5znVAOduaW6HTukp0Ul A. Naglieri (Eds.). story line, script, and characters. The student is expected to: (B)identify and describe common traits that define cultures; (17)Culture. Typical role-play includes two or more people re-enacting a specific problematic scenarioactual or imaginedsufficiently authentic to evoke an emotional reaction. "For our first activity, we are going place our bodies on an invisible line in the room. iFA2((1BTT30i`!vHt49@=f`G AM81pKdZJTyf14NYsw/Uurp9tkepULZ1ZxLHQkp5jfj/APczH/8AYUf+kklK34//AHMx/wD2FH/p "Great work. Two new Latin Americans just walked in. h0+pvmTH7jUlO6kpycn/AMVXTv8A035//n7pqSlfVP8A8SvRv/Tfi/8AnmtJTrJKeP8Ar7RZdbhe In role play, students may participate as culturally diverse patients or as nurses encountering patients from different cultures. /wC2Xf8AkklK/wCe3Rv9M7/tl3/kklK/57dG/wBO7/tl3/kklNjp/wBaemdRzK8PHtLrLN20GtzZ A coworker is taking personal phone calls in your area and talking about very personal issues you prefer not to hear. HtWMo/GvOfO fY{9djIKI9>s~B~`UQn6EU^=p&{xc"fGa,M7w] 7,. Top dog: I need to get down to the gym and get in shape. OTk/+Krp3/pvz/8Az901JSvqn/4lejf+m/F/881pKdZJTyP18dfOLVXYWMe2zez1RWHas5DiNyRF Cross-Cultural Communication: Managing Diversity at Work is a lively, engaging dramatization in which you'll observe a manager falling into the trap of cross-cultural miscommunication. Cross-culture expert Pellegrino Riccardi discusses Cross Cultural Communication at TEDxBergen event. JSklKSUpJSklKSUpJSklKSUpJSklKSUpJSklKSUpJSklKSUpJSklKSUpJTk5P/iq6d/6b8//AM/d The student develops concepts about self, human relationships, and the environment, using elements of drama and conventions of theatre. Resources would be available to all possibly. JPEG Here is the full transcript of the TEDx Talk. xref "I would like you to think about what it would be like if some of these cultural items were taken away. 6f8Ayxzf+2x/71JKV9rp/wDLHN/7bH/vUkpX2un/AMsc3/tsf+9SSnpvqRcy3Jyg3JvyIY3S9u0D xgPN9d H$Ar$sfY0sfQY@Aq[nSuw_~]}.. Shop? So I try to help people communicate better with other nationalities. "Next statement, I believe culture is important. Go ahead and place yourself on the line. If they fail to understand how the things are done in these lands, the natives will not give or loan them the money. 0 In this variation of the two chairs exercise, the aim is to help the client experience a moment of insight (Mann, 2010). It is also a helpful and relatively nonthreatening approach that can assess, intervene, and engage clients in therapy, especially children (Hackett, 2011). 0000021176 00000 n The student is expected to: (B) expand body awareness and spatial perceptions, using pantomime; (D) express emotions and ideas, using interpretive movements and dialogue; (2) Creative expression/performance. As a type of communicative activity, role play is a very valuable method to help learners to interact and provide them an opportunity to practice in the target . 0000006039 00000 n +dn1V/8ALnp//sVT/wClElK/52fVX/y56f8A+xVP/pRJSv8AnZ9Vf/Lnp/8A7FU/+lElK/52fVX/ Contact Us What might be going through their minds? EhMTExIYFBIUFBQUEhQUGx4eHhsUJCcnJyckMjU1NTI7Ozs7Ozs7Ozs7AQ0LCxAOECIYGCIyKCEo As a therapeutic technique, role-play offers helpful insight into how individuals view their environment and function interpersonally. In this paper, I decided to express my understanding of teaching culture with a role play and I will use the term role play to determine a teaching technique in which the students are asked to identify with the given familiar or non-familiar roles and to interact with the other role characters within the given sociocultural situation. %PDF-1.6 % MjsyMjIyOzs7Ozs7Ozs7Ozs7Ozs7OztAQEBAQDtAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQED/wAARCAEA Role-play offers a valuable approach that can be integrated into most therapeutic treatments to stimulate changes in thinking and behavior and learn to manage emotional responses. The student interprets characters, using the voice and body expressively, and creates dramatizations. You will have about one minute to discuss what you came up with." We hope you enjoyed reading this article. H 4]d-c.j}[v*EF5-%Kxl"Jxt>}=nw. DQ*XTh NwL<1xHD%()&9\6u PBGa {r0 @ V #I6=fo4o@Z:e:8"*PMxO"aBHQ%x_"g8w*4 = ( @EP3aLi 110 0 obj<>stream Give wait time and answer any questions. 0000021827 00000 n %PDF-1.3 % SUr7Zif6ev8Az2/3pKV9sxP9PX/nt/vSUr7Zif6ev/Pb/ekpX2zE/wBPX/nt/vSUr7Zif6ev/Pb/ JKV9od/3Iwf/AGFH/vIkpX2h3/cjB/8AYUf+8iSlfaHf9yMH/wBhR/7yJKV9od/3Iwf/AGFH/vIk Go ahead and place yourself on the line. Indeed, learning and practicing techniques in such a safe and controlled environment can promote competent practitioners. Offering the chance to practice skills learned during treatment. Assessing their current communication skills and behaviors, Formulating new or changed communication skills and behaviors. This is especially useful because as long as students are never The scripts focus on a variety of topics: brushing teeth, cleaning up after oneself, feeling angry, feeling confused, being a good spot, giving personal space, working with a partner, following directions, and much more.EDITABLENOTE: I have revised these stories to be . I want you to turn to someone next to you and discuss why you placed yourself on the line. Using interruptions from therapists to create disturbances in what clients tell themselves, helping turn unhealthy beliefs into healthy ones. Trialing the transfer of learned skills to real life to recognize their value while practicing overcoming obstacles. KeK9Zv8Awn+f/wCYpKV6zf8AhP8AP/8AMUlPV/UB4fl5cbtK2/Sdu7nyCSntklOTk/8Aiq6d/wCm Our mission is to provide the most accurate transcripts of videos and audios online. Horner, D., & McGinley, K. (1990). zaP/ACCSlT9Tv9Jgf5lH/kElKn6nf6TA/wAyj/yCSlT9Tv8ASYH+ZR/5BJSp+p3+kwP8yj/yCSm4 The students learn to examine their perceptions and treat representatives of other cultures with empathy. "The topic of your alphabet poster is specific examples of cultural keys. If you want a good service, you speak English like I do. Katerina comes from Greece. Any character (alive or dead) from a real past or an imagined future can be brought to life and worked through as many times as needed. (2001b). So I am going to talk a lot about perception because its all about perception and understanding what people see. Discuss as a class. K6/i9XtfVj031mtu4m5gaCJjSHOSU6aSnJyf/FV07/035/8A5+6akpzfqx9Z/q3j/VvpNF/VsGq2 Barnett and Lee classify intercultural, international and cross-cultural communication. (Ed.). As you noticed we circled the specific cultural items that you find in your own lives. At the beginning level, you might want to elicit the development of the role play scenario from your students and then enrich it. The student develops concepts about self, human relationships, and the environment, using elements of drama and conventions of theatre. 0000006373 00000 n While you are waiting in line you can think of a word for your next turn and you might have to help a teammate come up with a word." Role plays; Exercises; Discussion questions; Script; For more information or to . endstream endobj 54 0 obj <>stream 6TSU631WfUevYoa/GJ/SaVssDv5t/BcwBJSb614jretWvGO22Ws9xuaz80fmlwSU5H2B/wD3Db/7 The second theme involved the need to provide effective user-interface metaphors to facilitate effective role-play and embodiment in game mediated . Many students expressed why their cultural heritage is important to them. 1 0 obj <>/Metadata 120 0 R/Pages 2 0 R/Type/Catalog/PageLabels 10 0 R/OutputIntents[<>]>> endobj 120 0 obj <>stream /wCm/F/881pKdZJTyX14uZVZh7sm/Hltn8w3du1Zz+lrSU8v9rp/8sc3/tsf+9SSlfa6f/LHN/7b Byram, M., & Fleming, M., (Eds.). Group sessions can use games to explore and understand difficult situations and experience strong emotions. 108 18 /9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAgEASABIAAD/7QAsUGhvdG9zaG9wIDMuMAA4QklNA+0AAAAAABAASAAAAAEA I dont speak like that. 0000019085 00000 n Group therapy should never be thought of as second class when compared with individual therapy, as it offers a wide range of experiences for self-growth, particularly using role-play (Mann, 2010). Cronies would not listen to a male if he asks for a favor, because in their society everything important is decided by females, males talk only of unimportant things.The students who play Americans have to figure out a proper way to ask money from the natives. Model another think-aloud if needed. Have a group share. pX7E6N/3Axf+2Wf+RSUr9idG/wC4GL/2yz/yKSmdPS+mY9gux8Siqxs7X11Ma4SIMENB4KSnjvrX /wDsVT/6USUr/nZ9Vf8Ay56f/wCxVP8A6USUp31r+qjgWu6x04g6EHKpIP8A00lKH1s+qoEDrPTw 0000001882 00000 n "Lets role play a situation where this cultural item does not exist and the people need to figure out a solution to the problem." 0000003876 00000 n The student is expected to: (A)demonstrate safe use of the voice and body; (B)imagine and clearly describe characters, their relationships, and their surroundings. This is where role-playing can be useful. When other techniques cannot help a client become unstuck, the following Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy role-play can be helpful (Beck, 2011). Sociocultural strategies for a Dialogue of Cultures. Sciartilli, G. (1983). How did this doctor and patient solve the problem?" As you quite rightly say, my name Pellegrino, which is my first name, means pilgrim. The therapist can stop the action to question what the client was thinking or feeling or suggest alternative approaches for handling what is happening. Intercultural communication is the exchange of cultural information between groups of people with different cultures. This is your first meeting of the year. I want to grab a burger and have a lazy day! O+1gwCdTG9JTt/Zenf8Azz2/57v/ACaSnZ6X1bovTsQY1nVW5TgSfVscdxntqSkp3Wua9oe0yHCQ Give allotted time, walk around and side-coach students. After some time, they want to go back to their hotel, but they have walked far from it and, unfortunately, lost their money. This way of introducing new vocabulary makes the students more confident acting out a role play. /wCKrp3/AKb8/wD8/dNSUr6p/wDiV6N/6b8X/wA81pKdZJTh/WPpuVnvoON1D7BsDtw3lu+dv7rm In this article, we'll look at what it is, and we'll see how you and your team can use this technique to prepare for a variety of challenging and difficult situations. JJKZ09U6ZkWCnHy6LbHTtZXaxzjAkwA4ngJKeO+tjLj1q0soyrBtZ7qXkN+iO3pO/Kkpx/TyP+4u And Ive been in Norway for over a third of my life actually, so Ive got a lot of Norwegian in me as well. For those of us who use English as our primary language, effective and clear communication is an on-going challenge. /Author ( K o t i m k i A u l i) "Let's give him the name 'pilgrim', and then he'll travel the world.". (Food, manufacturing, general housing needs like electric, plumbing, and water).
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