[134] Part One of Notes features "Everybody's Protest Novel" and "Many Thousands Gone", along with "Carmen Jones: The Dark Is Light Enough", a 1955 review of Carmen Jones written for Commentary where Baldwin at once extols the sight of an all-Black cast on the silver screen and laments the film's myths about Black sexuality. You knew. [59] In Belle Mead, Baldwin came to know the face of a prejudice that deeply frustrated and angered him and that he named the partial cause of his later emigration out of America. [60] Baldwin's fellow white workmen, who mostly came from the South, derided him for what they saw as his "uppity" ways and his lack of "respect". [194] During that era of surveillance of American writers, the FBI accumulated 276 pages on Richard Wright, 110 pages on Truman Capote, and just nine pages on Henry Miller. (full context) Baldwin's father had nine children, and the family lived in terrible poverty. In my opinion, the writing of Richard's imprisonment and death are very rushed. He wrote at length about his "political relationship" with Malcolm X. [52] Baldwin finished at De Witt Clinton in 1941. During the tour, he lectured to students, white liberals, and anyone else listening about his racial ideology, an ideological position between the "muscular approach" of Malcolm X and the nonviolent program of Martin Luther King, Jr.[143] Baldwin expressed the hope that socialism would take root in the United States. Per biographer David Leeming, Baldwin despised protest literature because it is "concerned with theories and with the categorization of human beings, and however brilliant the theories or accurate the categorizations, they fail because they deny life. Baldwin also made a prominent appearance at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963, with Belafonte and long-time friends Sidney Poitier and Marlon Brando. If the world tells you how you are going to be treated, you are in trouble. [77] Only one of Baldwin's reviews from this era made it into his later essay collection The Price of the Ticket: a sharply ironic assay of Ross Lockridge's Raintree Countree that Baldwin wrote for The New Leader. In the eulogy, entitled "Life in His Language", Morrison credits Baldwin as being her literary inspiration and the person who showed her the true potential of writing. "The Precarious Vogue of Ingmar Bergman". [178] Magdalena J. Zaborowska's 2018 book, Me and My House: James Baldwin's Last Decade in France, uses photographs of his home and his collections to discuss themes of politics, race, queerness, and domesticity.[179]. FAQs Who was James Baldwin's mentor? David's tale is one of love's inhibition: he cannot "face love when he finds it", writes biographer James Campbell. James Baldwin Networth James Baldwin Artist, Entertainer, College educator, Author, Writer was born on August 2, 1924. [123], Go Tell It on the Mountain was the product of Baldwin's years of work and exploration since his first attempt at a novel in 1938. Such dynamics are prominent in Baldwin's second novel, Giovanni's Room, which was written in 1956, well before the gay liberation movement. Nall had been friends with Baldwin from the early 1970s because Baldwin would buy him drinks at the Caf de Flore. [62], During these years, Baldwin was torn between his desire to write and his need to provide for his family. [43] Miller later directed the first play that Baldwin ever wrote. He traveled to Selma, Alabama, where SNCC had organized a voter registration drive; he watched mothers with babies and elderly men and women standing in long lines for hours, as armed deputies and state troopers stood byor intervened to smash a reporter's camera or use cattle prods on SNCC workers. [99] The treatment of Wright's Bigger Thomas by socially earnest white people near the end of Native Son was, for Baldwin, emblematic of white Americans' presumption that for Black people "to become truly human and acceptable, [they] must first become like us. Meeting the Man: James Baldwin in Paris. [33] The principal of the school was Gertrude E. Ayer, the first Black principal in the city, who recognized Baldwin's precocity and encouraged him in his research and writing pursuits,[34] as did some of his teachers, who recognized he had a brilliant mind. [70] Worth introduced Baldwin to the Young People's Socialist League and Baldwin became a Trotskyist for a brief period. [86] The book was intended as both a catalog of churches and an exploration of religiosity in Harlem, but it was never finished. For example, in "The Harlem Ghetto", Baldwin writes: "what it means to be a Negro in America can perhaps be suggested by the myths we perpetuate about him. In 1963 he conducted a lecture tour of the South for CORE, traveling to Durham and Greensboro in North Carolina, and New Orleans. In all of Baldwin's works, but particularly in his novels, the main characters are twined up in a "cage of reality" that sees them fighting for their soul against the limitations of the human condition or against their place at the margins of a society consumed by various prejudices. "[192][189]:175, In a cable Baldwin sent to Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy during the Birmingham, Alabama crisis, Baldwin blamed the violence in Birmingham on the FBI, J. Edgar Hoover, Mississippi Senator James Eastland, and President Kennedy for failing to use "the great prestige of his office as the moral forum which it can be." "[129], It was Baldwin's friend from high school, Sol Stein, who encouraged Baldwin to write an essay collection reflecting on his work thus far. The civil rights movement was hostile to homosexuals. [136] Part Three contains "Equal in Paris", "Stranger in the Village", "Encounter on the Seine", and "A Question of Identity". [189]:191,19598 In March 1965, Baldwin joined marchers who walked 50 miles from Selma, Alabama, to the capitol in Montgomery under the protection of federal troops. ), James Baldwin Debates William F. Buckley (1965). I was not attacking him; I was trying to clarify something for myself." exile with the mind and inspiration to use it. In the latter work, Baldwin employs a character named Johnnie to trace his bouts of depression to his inability to resolve the questions of filial intimacy emanating from Baldwin's relationship with his stepfather. "[133] This earned some quantity of scorn from reviewers: in a review for The New York Times Book Review, Langston Hughes lamented that "Baldwin's viewpoints are half American, half Afro-American, incompletely fused. Langston Hughes, Lorraine Hansberry, and Baldwin helped Simone learn about the Civil Rights Movement. [36] By fifth grade, not yet a teenager, Baldwin had read some of Fyodor Dostoyevsky's works, Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, and Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities, beginning a lifelong interest in Dickens' work. 1974. The philosophy applies to individual relationships as well as to more general ones. His home, nicknamed "Chez Baldwin",[177] has been the center of scholarly work and artistic and political activism. [87] This he did: after saying his goodbyes to his mother and younger siblings, with forty dollars to his name, Baldwin flew from New York to Paris on November 11, 1948,[87] having given most of the scholarship funds to his mother. Caan died. [122] Baldwin grew particularly close to his younger brother, David Jr., and served as best man at David's wedding on June 27. [114] Nevertheless, Baldwin sank deeper into an emotional wreckage. [199], At the time, Baldwin was neither in the closet nor open to the public about his sexual orientation. Every time I went to southern France to play Antibes, I would always spend a day or two out at Jimmy's house in St. Paul de Vence. He was reared by his mother and stepfather David Baldwin, a Baptist preacher, originally from New Orleans, Louisiana, whom Baldwin referred to as his father and whom . [174] The manuscript forms the basis for Raoul Peck's 2016 documentary film I Am Not Your Negro. 2016. [21] David's father and James's paternal grandfather had also been born enslaved. James "Jamie" Baldwin is serving a life sentence with no eligibility for parole in the death of his wife, 53-year-old Judy Orr Baldwin. Although his novels, specifically Giovanni's Room and Just Above My Head, had openly gay characters and relationships, Baldwin himself never openly stated his sexuality. [133] Nonetheless, most acutely in this stage in his career, Baldwin wanted to escape the rigid categories of protest literature and he viewed adopting a white point-of-view as a good method of doing so. Others, however, were published individually at first and later included with Baldwin's compilation books. It is based on James Baldwin's unfinished manuscript, Remember This House. [124] In rejecting the ideological manacles of protest literature and the presupposition he thought inherent to such works that "in Negro life there exists no tradition, no field of manners, no possibility of ritual or intercourse", Baldwin sought in Go Tell It on the Mountain to emphasize that the core of the problem was "not that the Negro has no tradition but that there has as yet arrived no sensibility sufficiently profound and tough to make this tradition articulate. [28] He was committed to a mental asylum in 1943 and died of tuberculosis on July 29 of that year, the same day Emma gave birth to their last child, Paula. [46] The first was Herman W. "Bill" Porter, a Black Harvard graduate. Dr. Cornel West joined us at Harvard Divinity School to discuss James Baldwin's legacy.Tune into our full Baldwin w/ Dr. West, Raoul Peck, Teju Cole and Ed . Nall recalled talking to Baldwin shortly before his death about racism in Alabama. Indeed, Baldwin reread, Also around this time, Delaney had become obsessed with a portrait of Baldwin he painted that disappeared. [213], Baldwin's influence on other writers has been profound: Toni Morrison edited the Library of America's first two volumes of Baldwin's fiction and essays: Early Novels & Stories (1998) and Collected Essays (1998). When his father died, Baldwin had newly discovered the. She writes: You knew, didn't you, how I needed your language and the mind that formed it? 21 Copy quote. This new understanding brings on regret for Baldwin. [186] Baldwin connects many of his main charactersJohn in Go Tell It On The Mountain, Rufus in Another Country, Richard in Blues for Mister Charlie, and Giovanni in Giovanni's Roomas sharing a reality of restriction: per biographer David Leeming, each is "a symbolic cadaver in the center of the world depicted in the given novel and the larger society symbolized by that world". "[98], In his early years in Paris prior to Go Tell It On The Mountain's publication, Baldwin wrote several notable works. I base this on their conduct, not on what they say. Standley, Fred L., and Louis H. Pratt (eds). "[99] Baldwin took Wright's Native Son and Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, both erstwhile favorites of Baldwin's, as paradigmatic examples of the protest novel's problem. [189]:236, Nonetheless, he rejected the label "civil rights activist", or that he had participated in a civil rights movement, instead agreeing with Malcolm X's assertion that if one is a citizen, one should not have to fight for one's civil rights. 1959. This only paralleled the chaos occurring around him at the time, such as the race riots of Detroit and Harlem which Baldwin describes to be as "spoils of injustice, anarchy, discontent, and hatred." He was raised, along with his eight younger brothers and sisters, by his mother, Emma Berdis Jones, and his stepfather, David Baldwin, a preacher and laborer from New Orleans. [48] The second of these influences from his time at Douglass was the renowned poet of the Harlem Renaissance, Countee Cullen. [120], Baldwin sent the manuscript for Go Tell It on the Mountain from Paris to New York publishing house Alfred A. Knopf on February 26, 1952, and Knopf expressed interest in the novel several months later. [10][11] Baldwin was born out of wedlock. The actor died earlier this month due to heart problems, according to a death certificate for the star that was obtained by PEOPLE. [67], Baldwin lived in several locations in Greenwich Village, first with Delaney, then with a scattering of other friends in the area. Baldwin's critique of Wright is an extension of his disapprobation toward protest literature. In 1949 Baldwin met and fell in love with Lucien Happersberger, a boy aged 17, though Happersberger's marriage three years later left Baldwin distraught. David's mother, Barbara, was born enslaved and lived with the Baldwins in New York before her death when James was seven. Self Improvement, Faces. James Baldwin died at 63 years old. [84], In 1948, with $1,500 ($16,918 today) in funding from a Rosenwald Fellowship,[85] Baldwin attempted a photography and essay book titled Unto the Dying Lamb with a photographer friend named Theodore Pelatowski, whom Baldwin met through Richard Avedon. Moreover, Lucien stayed on his side at the time of his death in Saint-Paul-De-Vence. 1960. 1963-06-24. [3], His reputation has endured since his death and his work has been adapted for the screen to great acclaim. Baldwin's next book-length essay, No Name in the Street (1972), also discussed his own experience in the context of the later 1960s, specifically the assassinations of three of his personal friends: Medgar Evers, Malcolm X, and Martin Luther King, Jr. Baldwin's writings of the 1970s and 1980s were largely overlooked by critics, although they have received increasing attention in recent years. Best known as: Author of Go Tell It On The Mountain. [124] John's struggle is a metaphor for Baldwin's own struggle between escaping the history and heritage that made him, awful though it may be, and plunging deeper into that heritage, to the bottom of his people's sorrows, before he can shuffle off his psychic chains, "climb the mountain", and free himself. In section 2 of "Go Tell It on the Mountain," Baldwin writes about the false accusation and suicide of John's father, Richard. THE WRITER James Baldwin is being rediscovered today, particularly by a new generation of radicals, nearly 30 years after his death in 1987. Baldwin and Hansberry met with Robert F. Kennedy, along with Kenneth Clark and Lena Horne and others in an attempt to persuade Kennedy of the importance of civil rights legislation. Influential 20th-century author whose works explore themes of race, class, and sexual orientation. Baldwin's protagonists are often but not exclusively African American, and gay and bisexual men frequently feature prominently in his literature. He also turned to teaching as a new way of connecting with the young. [119] Baldwin again resisted labels with the publication of this work. [187] The singular theme in the attempts of Baldwin's characters to resolve their struggle for themselves is that such resolution only comes through love. The late actor's passing comes as two other legends from gangster genre After publication, several Black nationalists criticized Baldwin for his conciliatory attitude. 1959. [24] David Baldwin also hated white people and "his devotion to God was mixed with a hope that God would take revenge on them for him", wrote another Baldwin biographer James Campbell. [136][k], Throughout Notes, when Baldwin is not speaking in first-person, Baldwin takes the view of white Americans. [33] At five years old, Baldwin began school at Public School 24 on 128th Street in Harlem. [113] He became friends with Norman and Adele Mailer, was recognized by the National Institute of Arts and Letters with a grant, and was set to publish Giovanni's Room. [110] Also in 1954, Baldwin published the three-act play The Amen Corner which features the preacher Sister Margareta fictionalized Mother Horn from Baldwin's time at Fireside Pentecostalstruggling with a difficult inheritance and alienation from herself and her loved ones on account of her religious fervor. James Baldwin, 63, the novelist, playwright, poet and essayist who wrote eloquently and angrily about racial injustice and the black experience in 20th century America, died of stomach cancer. [95] Baldwin also met Lucien Happersberger, a Swiss boy, seventeen years old at the time of their first meeting, who came to France in search of excitement. Biographer David Leeming describes James Baldwin's origins and their influence upon his career. James Baldwin In Exile. [22]:1819[20], James referred to his stepfather simply as his "father" throughout his life,[14] but David Sr. and James shared an extremely difficult relationship, nearly rising to physical fights on several occasions. Ralph Gatti /. [116], Baldwin's first published work, a review of the writer Maxim Gorky, appeared in The Nation in 1947. Writing from the expatriate's perspective, Part Three is the sector of Baldwin's corpus that most closely mirrors Henry James's methods: hewing out of one's distance and detachment from the homeland a coherent idea of what it means to be American. In 1955, at the age of 43 years old, James was alive when on September 30th, movie star James Dean, 24, died in a car accident. [176] At the time of his death, Baldwin did not have full ownership of the home, although it was still Mlle. He lived in the neighborhood and attended P.S. "[83] He also hoped to come to terms with his sexual ambivalence and escape the hopelessness that many young African-American men like himself succumbed to in New York. [128] Racism drives Elizabeth's lover, Richard, to suicideRichard will not be the last Baldwin character to die thus for that same reason. Baldwin and Happersberger would remain friends for the next thirty-nine years. Baldwin's biographers give different years for his entry into Frederick Douglass Junior High School. "[130] Stein persisted in his exhortations to his friend Baldwin, and Notes of a Native Son was published in 1955. Baldwin wanted not to be read as "merely a Negro; or, even, merely a Negro writer. A familiar love, like the first bosom one knows, where the habitual bondage had no safe words -- he had to leave. Subsequent Baldwin articles on the movement appeared in Mademoiselle, Harper's, The New York Times Magazine, and The New Yorker, where in 1962 he published the essay that he called "Down at the Cross", and the New Yorker called "Letter from a Region of My Mind". [144] Meanwhile, Baldwin was increasingly burdened by the sense that he was wasting time in Paris. [77] Baldwin wrote many reviews for The New Leader, but was published for the first time in The Nation in a 1947 review of Maxim Gorki's Best Short Stories. World, Trouble, Treats. In his book, Kevin Mumford points out how Baldwin went his life "passing as straight rather than confronting homophobes with whom he mobilised against racism". Judy's first husband, Todd, died in a motorcycle . Sitting in front of his sturdy typewriter, he devoted his days to writing and to answering the huge amount of mail he received from all over the world. [151] The book was consumed by whites looking for answers to the question: What do Black Americans really want? Returning to Washington, he told a New York Post reporter the federal government could protect Negroesit could send federal troops into the South. According to reports, James Baldwin Networth was assessed at $100 Thousand. David is confused by his intense feelings for Giovanni and has sex with a woman in the spur of the moment to reaffirm his sexuality. An Investigation of Empathy in James Baldwin's "Sonny's Blues." MS thesis. [130] Baldwin was reluctant, saying he was "too young to publish my memoirs. Baldwin whom U.S. The Death Cause of James Baldwin On 1 December 1987, James Baldwin died in Saint-Paul-De-Vence. James Baldwin, By the spring of 1963, the mainstream press began to recognize Baldwin's incisive analysis of white racism and his eloquent descriptions of the Negro's pain and frustration. Baldwin's home in St. Paul-de-Vance, France, pixabay. A novelist and essayist of considerable renown, James Baldwin bore witness to the unhappy consequences of American racial strife. In The Price of the Ticket (1985), Baldwin describes Delaney as. James Arthur Baldwin (August 2, 1924 - December 1, 1987) was an American novelist, essayist, playwright, poet, and social critic. James Baldwin was born on August 2, 1924, Harlem, New York, U.S. to Emma Berdis Jones. [70] The two became fast friends, maintaining a closeness that endured through the Civil Rights Movement and long after. "Please try to remember that what they believe, as . You knew, didn't you, how I loved your love? It was the summer of 1961 in New York City, and James Baldwin was speaking at a forum hosted by the Liberation Committee for Africa titled, "Nationalism, Colonialism, and the United States: One Minute to Twelve.". 1676 Words | 7 Pages. "The Negro in Paris", published first in The Reporter, explored Baldwin's perception of an incompatibility between Black Americans and Black Africans in Paris, as Black Americans had faced a "depthless alienation from oneself and one's people" that was mostly unknown to Parisian Africans. James Caan death: Star struggled with 'great pain and discomfort' before death MANY of the biggest names in Hollywood paid tribute to the late James Caan who sadly died last Wednesday at. A few years later she married a preacher David Baldwin who adopted James. James Baldwin died of a single gunshot wound to the chest, according to Natrona County Coroner Connie Jacobson. Baldwin even writes that at one point he felt compelled to murder a white girl just for being white. [90] According to Baldwin's friend and biographer David Leeming: "Baldwin seemed at ease in his Paris life; Jimmy Baldwin the aesthete and lover reveled in the Saint-Germain ambiance. This man was James Baldwin, and he authored many influential works in a state of cultural and political exile in Paris. When James Gandolfini died of a heart attack on June 19, 2013, his sudden passing shocked and saddened the world . On December 1, 1962, James Baldwin published " A Letter to My Nephew " in The Progressive magazine. [53] Baldwin's motto in his yearbook was: "Fame is the spur andouch! By 1987 . James Baldwin was an essayist, playwright, novelist and voice of the American civil rights movement known for works including 'Notes of a Native Son,' 'The Fire Next Time' and 'Go Tell It on the . This meeting is discussed in Howard Simon's 1999 play, James Baldwin: A Soul on Fire. In 2017, Scott Timberg wrote an essay for the Los Angeles Times ("30 years after his death, James Baldwin is having a new pop culture moment") in which he noted existing cultural references to Baldwin, 30 years after his death, and concluded: "So Baldwin is not just a writer for the ages, but a scribe whose workas squarely as George Orwell'sspeaks directly to ours. An absolute integrity: I saw him shaken many times and I lived to see him broken but I never saw him bow. Johansson, Marie Seljehaug. In fact, Baldwin managed to leave the portrait in Owen Dodson's home when Baldwin was working with Dodson on the Washington, D.C. premiere of, Baldwin, James. Baldwin returned to the United States in the summer of 1957 while the civil rights legislation of that year was being debated in Congress. "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest", January 30, 1968. 6. [140] The inspiration for the murder part of the novel's plot is an event dating from 1943 to 1944. Delaney painted several colorful portraits of Baldwin. Baldwin spent nine years living in Paris, mostly in Saint-Germain-des-Prs, with various excursions to Switzerland, Spain, and back to the United States. All artists, if they are to survive, are forced, at last, to tell the whole story; to vomit the anguish up." James Baldwin tags: art , expression , james-baldwin , nausea , survival , vomit 746 likes Like "Freedom is not something that anybody can be given. She survives. "[103][j] Baldwin's relationship with Wright was tense but cordial after the essays, although Baldwin eventually ceased to regard Wright as a mentor. When he did, he made clear that he admired and loved her, often through reference to her loving smile. [47] Baldwin graduated from Frederick Douglass Junior High in 1938. [187] Each reaches for an identity within their own social environment, and sometimesas in If Beale Street Could Talk's Fonny and Tell me How Long The Train's Been Gone's Leothey find such an identity, imperfect but sufficient to bear the world. After his day of watching, he spoke in a crowded church, blaming Washington"the good white people on the hill". [124] Florence's lover Frank is destroyed by searing self-hatred of his own Blackness. [73] Baldwin's main designs for that initial meeting were trained on convincing Wright of the quality of an early manuscript for what would become Go Tell It On The Mountain, then called "Crying Holy". [189]:17680 Although most of the attendees of this meeting left feeling "devastated", the meeting was an important one in voicing the concerns of the civil rights movement, and it provided exposure of the civil rights issue not just as a political issue but also as a moral issue.[193]. [75] Harper eventually declined to publish the book at all. He continued to experiment with literary forms throughout his career, publishing poetry and plays as well as the fiction and essays for which he was known. "Assignment America; 119; Conversation with a Native Son", from, 1976. He became, for me, an example of courage and integrity, humility and passion. The essay was originally published in two oversized issues of The New Yorker and landed Baldwin on the cover of Time magazine in 1963 while he was touring the South speaking about the restive Civil Rights Movement. [100] In the magazine Commentary, he published "Too Little, Too Late", an essay on Black American literature, and "The Death of the Prophet", a short story that grew out of Baldwin's earlier writings for Go Tell It on The Mountain. [141] The two were walking near the banks of the Hudson River when Kammerrer made a pass at Carr, leading Carr to stab Kammerer and dump Kammerer's body in the river. Baldwin lived in France for most of his later life. Baldwin's second novel, Giovanni's Room, caused great controversy when it was first published in 1956 due to its explicit homoerotic content. Here are some quotes from James Baldwin, most from over half a century ago, that are particularly resonant today: -From "The Fire Next Time," 1963: "You were born where you were born and . Baldwin insisted: "No, you liberated me in revealing this to me. [33][f] At Douglass Junior High, Baldwin met two important influences. 1971. Baldwin also received commissions to write a review of Daniel Gurin's Negroes on the March and J. C. Furnas's Goodbye to Uncle Tom for The Nation, as well as to write about William Faulkner and American racism for Partisan Review. [93] Baldwin was also continuously poor during his time in Paris, with only momentary respites from that condition. Baldwin's father died in 1943, a few hours before his last child was born. These collections include: This article is about the American writer. To. Baldwin's father died a broken and ruined man on July 29th, 1943. [77] His conclusion in "Harlem Ghetto" was that Harlem was a parody of white America, with white American anti-Semitism included. Notes of a Native Son). [82], Disillusioned by American prejudice against Black people, as well as wanting to see himself and his writing outside of an African-American context, he left the United States at the age of 24 to settle in Paris. The result was two essays, one published in Harper's magazine ("The Hard Kind of Courage"), the other in Partisan Review ("Nobody Knows My Name"). [142], To Baldwin's relief, the reviews of Giovanni's Room were positive, and his family did not criticize the subject matter. [47] Porter was the faculty advisor to the school's newspaper, the Douglass Pilot, where Baldwin would later be the editor. [89] He hoped for a more peaceable existence in Paris.[90]. He then published his first work of fiction, a short story called "Previous Condition", in the October 1948 issue of Commentary, about a 20-something Black man who is evicted from his apartment, the apartment a metaphor for white society. "[57], Baldwin left school in 1941 to earn money to help support his family. [33] Baldwin later remarked that he "adored" Cullen's poetry, and said he found the spark of his dream to live in France in Cullen's early impression on him. [111] Baldwin spent several weeks in Washington, D.C. and particularly around Howard University while he collaborated with Owen Dodson for the premiere of The Amen Corner, returning to Paris in October 1955. 1985. Baldwin was also a close friend of Nobel Prize-winning novelist Toni Morrison. [158][159] Baldwin settled in Saint-Paul-de-Vence in the south of France in 1970, in an old Provenal house beneath the ramparts of the famous village. Died: December 1, 1987 ( stomach cancer) Birthplace: New York City, New York, United States. 1960. [10] According to Anna Malaika Tubbs in her account of the mothers of prominent civil rights figures, some rumors stated that James Baldwin's father suffered from drug addiction or that he died, but that in any case, Jones undertook to care for her son as a single mother.
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